alkaline hydrolysis crops

temperature) and alkaline hydrolysis was proven to be efficient in pretreating agricultural crops for conversion to high-value products. The temperature from 190 to 395°C (active pyrolysis) is called stage II. Thus, effectively synthesize and characterization enset fiber nanocellulose using acid hydrolysis with sonication is focus of study. The crystallinity percentage area (Eq. Article of the Year Award: Outstanding research contributions of 2020, as selected by our Chief Editors. Besides its use in the crops, it is used as a cattle feed supplement to replace a part of protein requirements. About Alkaline Hydrolysis. This process has increased the crystallinity of the material. Agricultural residues, forest residues, and energy crops have been used as raw materials for CNCs. Normal probability plots are too an appropriate graphical technique for analyzing the normality of the residuals [26]. Commonly, the isolated nanocellulose is a colloidal suspension with transparent optical property [5]. INTRODUCTION. The quadratic model was selected, and optimized values for CNCs yield (77.69%) that were acquired to be H2SO4: 51.6 wt. The powder cellulose was sealed in a polyethylene bag and kept in a desiccator till further experimental work. XRD study indicated that the crystallinity of yielded products had been improved after each successive treatment subjected to the treated fiber. The processed fiber came to neutralize by rinsing it with distilled water successively. The small peak in the zone of 2897 cm-1 corresponds to C-H stretching of the alkane group. Found inside – Page 29... m–1) Conductivity (mS cm–1) Total dissolved salts (mg L–1) Molarity of NaCl (mM) Sodic soils – These soils contain Na+ salts capable of alkaline hydrolysis, mainly Na2CO3. Previously these soils have also been termed as 'Alkali'. % of H2SO4 and 45°C of reaction temperature. Production of crops: (i) Classification of crops according to seasons and economic classification (ii) Cultivation of Kharif Crops- Jowar, Maize, Groundnut, Cotton, Paddy, Soybean, Arhar, Urad, Moong (iii) Rabi crops-Wheat, Linseed, Mustard, Sugarcane, Gram, Barely under following heads 1. The XRD intensity curve of raw enset fiber, encet fiber cellulose, and CNCs is presented in Figure 4. per 1,000 ft 2 (6 – 11 lb. Liquefying. Atrazine is a diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is 1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6 while one of hydrogens of each amino group is replaced respectively by an ethyl and a propan-2-yl group. There are no side effects or pollution due to use of manure. … Besides its use in the crops, it is used as a cattle feed supplement to replace a part of protein requirements. The rumen of these animals is neither strongly acid nor alkaline, and it contains a large flora of micro-organisms and considerable quantities of enzymes. #FrontierWest - Discovering and managing yellow ru... About the author Emma Tyson. The interaction effect of reaction temperature (°C) and time (min) of enset raw fiber on CNC yield is shown in Figure 1. The results of TGA and DTG curves for each sample are presented in Figure 6. per acre). (4)) from XRD data were found by using the Scherrer equation (1). The temperature range from 25 to 185°C covers the initial weight loss, and it is called stage I. Furthermore, the hydrolyzed cellulose was dialyzed against deionized water via a cellulose membrane for five days to neutralize and fully remove the remaining acid and other unwanted chemicals. Finally, to validate the parameters, a triplicate experimental run was conducted at optimum conditions and showed a good agreement with the predicted isolation yield (4.27% error). There is an increasing concern that continuous use of chemical fertilizers on soil depletes the soil of essential nutrients. The reaction was quenched by adding ice to the mixture to halt the reaction, and the resulting mixture was then cooled to room temperature [18]. Temesgen Abeto Amibo designed the experiment and provided necessary facilities. This can successfully make the CNSs ultra practicable and facilitate the integration and dispersion of CNCs into various matrices of polymer. Kinetic parameters (E a, ln A, k 2) quantified for the alkaline hydrolysis of RDX and HMX in deionized water (30–50°C, pH … The predicted and actual values are in respectable agreement with each other (). However, crops such as tobacco, potatoes and tomatoes prefer nitrate as their source of N. Because nitrate is much more mobile than ammonium, ammonium forms of N are recommended when the application is made prior to the time of greatest need. This increases the growth of algae and aquatic plants. Box 16417, Ethiopia, Central Laboratory, Research and Technology Transfer, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa, P.O. Too much use of these fertilizers tends to destroy the beneficial microbes present in the soil. Reducing the size of feed materials using mechanical means often in the presence of water or other liquids. For the RSM study, the experiment set up of chosen parameters was determined using CCD. The thermal stability behaviors of raw enset fibers, bleached cellulose, and CNC samples were analyzed using TGA. Found inside – Page 6In another group of sodic ( alkali ) soils , which sometimes does not have very alkaline pH value ( solonetz type ) , the comparatively low concentration of sodium salts capable of sodic ( alkaline ) hydrolysis constitutes a stress ... Some acidifying agents are also sold to enhance herbicide uptake and performance. This statistical tool technique guarantees that each factor and its relations are systematically studied [21]. ), 1981. Before the treatment of EF, the content of lignin is very high due to the bonding between hemicellulose and lignin that is close. After pretreatment of fish bones for removing organic matters, the bones were under alkaline hydrolysis at 200°C within different time intervals of 30 mins, 1 and 1.5 hours. As it is directly absorbed by water, there is no question of pollution with this fertilizer. This result was endured by chemical composition and FTIR analysis. And the average crystalize size was obtained at 66 nm. In this form, a pesticide’s ability to perform can be altered. According to different previous studied data, reaction time varies from 30 min to 4 hr [1, 14, 19, 20, 29]. Alkali, or Alkaline, soils are clay soils with high pH (> 8.5), a poor soil structure and a low infiltration capacity. Improved coverage on leaf surfaces. In the present work, RSM was used to determine the optimum value of parameters that could maximize the yield of CNCs during the acid hydrolysis and sonication treatment. Found inside – Page 240... AFEX, and alkaline hydrolysis Reduced formation of inhibitors Recycling of concentrated acids Increase in specific ... by improving crop yields, pest resistance, and cropping systems Pretreatment Hydrolysis Fermentation Continuous ... In the present work, we studied the effects of TG, DG, FA, ceramide, and cholesterol on SM hydrolysis catalyzed by purified alkaline SMase. An excellent medium is thus provided for the hydrolysis of the glucoside with the liberation of the toxic agent--hydrocyanic acid--which is then rapidly absorbed into the blood. % and reaction temperature 20 to 45°C, but the further increment of both parameters has a negative response to the CNC yield. The samples were analyzed with a spectrum wavenumber range of 400 cm-1 to 4500 cm-1 and an average scanning rate of 250. Saline soils are mostly also sodic (the predominant salt is sodium chloride), but they do not have a very high pH nor a poor infiltration rate. Accordingly, the process parameters for the isolation of CNCs from raw enset fiber, , , , , , , and were obtained to be quite significant. The pick for isolation yield was obtained at 50 wt. It is harvested as food in most of Ethiopia especially in the southern part where it is utilized as nutritional food [13]. %, 47°C, and 66.5 minutes, respectively, and with these parameters, the isolation yield of CNCs was 77.69% with a desirability of 0.983. Permethrin can also be used in numerous residential sites, both indoor and outdoor, and on pets and clothing. %, reaction temperature: 47°C, and time: 66.5 min. This is due to as reaction time increases, some hydrolyze crystalline surfaces will, in turn, decrease the yield and as time is lower, the polymerization rate will be high due to undispersed fiber, and also the obtained nanocellulose will have an amorphous structure and larger diameter. It has also numerous industrial uses notably for the production of plastics. Many pesticides are prone to alkaline hydrolysis (not only Glyphosate) , but often it is the combined effect of hard water with alkaline pH that compromises the performance of pesticide applications; insecticides, plant growth regulators, herbicides and fungicides. Using the support of the RSM-CCD method, the significant effects of the process constraints, namely, reaction time, reaction temperature, and H2SO4 concentration, were investigated on the isolation yield of CNCs. Leading Indian Fertilizers /Pesticides / Fungicides / Agrochemicals Manufacturing Companies: Brahmaputra Valley Fertilizer Corporation Ltd. Deepak Fertilisers and Petrochemicals Corporation Ltd. Gujarat Narmada Valley Fertilizers & Chemicals Ltd. Gujarat State Fertilizers & Chemicals Ltd. Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative Ltd, Indo Gulf Fertilisers Ltd. (A unit of Aditya Birla Nuvo Ltd.), Previous Topic: Organic Fertilizers (Manures). The weight of each factor for all models was assessed via analysis of variance (ANOVA). Malting. Surafel Mustefa Beyan, Temesgen Abeto Amibo, S. Venkatesa Prabhu, Abraham Getahun Ayalew, "Production of Nanocellulose Crystal Derived from Enset Fiber Using Acid Hydrolysis Coupled with Ultrasonication, Isolation, Statistical Modeling, Optimization, and Characterizations", Journal of Nanomaterials, vol. It has also numerous industrial uses notably for the production of plastics. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. To remove lignin and hemicellulose from EF, alkaline treatment was carried out accordingly. Signal-to-noise ratio was determined via Adeq precision, and its values were observed to be 34.9332 which indicated an adequate signal for the production of CNCs. Table S.3: summary of the optimization process. INTRODUCTION. Liquefied. From the various choices of models, a quadratic model is selected after studying values, values, and lack of fit, and the quadratic model of mathematical equations for the estimation of CNCs yield is given in Eq. Some acidifying agents are also sold to enhance herbicide uptake and performance. When there is an overabundance of nitrogen (N) in relation to phosphate (P), plants are more susceptible to mosaic infections. Good information and good comparison. Soil Salinity and Water Quality. Phosphatic fertilizers are the phosphorous-containing organic substances that supply the nutrition of phosphorous to the plants. Size distribution of CNCs by the intensity. This is due to the disintegration of hydrogen bond linkage among hemicellulose and cellulose chains and also hemicellulose decomposition [1, 35, 36]. Often they have a hard calcareous layer at 0.5 to 1 metre depth. In viticulture, adding naturally occurring chelating agents such as tartaric acid to irrigation water has been suggested, to solubilize calcium and magnesium carbonates in sodic soils.[12]. Improves deposition and reduces drift. Found inside – Page 220Alkaline or sodic soils have appreciable quantities of sodium and ions capable of alkaline hydrolysis such as carbonates with Exchangeable Sodium Percent (ESP) of more than 15% coupled with a pH above 8.2 and an average root-zone ... This operation was done under a vacuum at an accelerating voltage of 2 kV. It was known as alkaline air. where is the crystallite size in nm, is 0.9 (Scherrer constant), λ is 0.15406 nm which is the wavelength of the X-ray sources, β is the full width of half maximum (FWHM) in radians, and θ is the peak position in radians. , , and are known interaction coefficients for the corresponding terms, is the number of selected independent variables ( in this study), and is an error term [22]. These clusters of peaks signify that all of them have aliphatic saturated functional groups. Vol 5a, Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Soon, if you eat non-organic product, you will be eating crops that are literally grown in human flesh goo. (5). This is due to the disintegration of hydrogen bond linkage among hemicellulose and cellulose chains and also hemicellulose decomposition [1, 35, 36]. 42. Found inside – Page 8The.grouping.of.the.salt-affected.soils.and.their.properties.causing.plant.and.crop.stress.are. presented.in.Table.1.2. ... (leaching) Sodic Sodium.ions.capable.of. alkaline.hydrolysis Semiarid,.semi-humid,. and.humid High.(alkali). As presented in Table 4, the highest crystallinity percentage was obtained after the hydrolysis treatment. Liquefying. Dozens Of US States Liquefy Dead & Spray Biosludge On Crops, Parks, Playgrounds May 25, 2021 A controversial process called “alkaline hydrolysis,” where the bodies of dead people are liquified using a mixture of water, heat, and chemical agents, is being approved for use in states across America. Storekeepers should not become directly involved with pesticide disposal and should refer to the relevant national authority. The dewaxing process was carried out, 2 : 1 v/v mixture ratio of toluene and ethanol and in sox-let apparatus at 120°C using oil bath for 5 h to get rid of extractive components such as wax, debris, pectin, and oils. Most agriculturally based raw materials have similar cellulose content such as teff straw (36.7%) [31], arecanut husk fiber (34.18%) [1], coffee husk fiber (41.34%) [32], straw of wheat fiber (43.2%) [12], Laminaria japonica (42%) [2], and sisal fiber (50%) [20]. In the present work, the use of autoclave to perform the alkaline hydrolysis and a simplification of the post-extraction process were suggested and were shown to increase FA yield. Found inside – Page 8... of sodic (alkaline) hydrolysis constitutes a stress factor through its action, resulting in poor physical properties of water in the soil. As a consequence of this phenomenon, the wilting point in the soil increases, and the plants ... Box 16417, Ethiopia, https://www.britannica.com/science/nanoparticle, C. S. Julie Chandra, N. George, and S. K. Narayanankutty, “Isolation and characterization of cellulose nanofibrils from arecanut husk fibre,”, Z. Liu, X. Li, W. Xie, and H. Deng, “Extraction, isolation and characterization of nanocrystalline cellulose from industrial kelp (Laminaria japonica) waste,”, M. Mahardika, H. Abral, A. Kasim, S. Arief, and M. Asrofi, “Production of nanocellulose from pineapple leaf fibers via high-shear homogenization and ultrasonication,”, H. A. Silvério, W. P. Flauzino Neto, N. O. Dantas, and D. Pasquini, “Extraction and characterization of cellulose nanocrystals from corncob for application as reinforcing agent in nanocomposites,”, M. Asrofi, H. Abral, A. Kasim et al., “Isolation of nanocellulose from water hyacinth fiber (WHF) produced via digester-sonication and its characterization,”, A. García, A. Gandini, J. Labidi, N. Belgacem, and J. Bras, “Industrial and crop wastes: a new source for nanocellulose biorefinery,”, M. Rajinipriya, M. Nagalakshmaiah, M. Robert, and S. Elkoun, “Importance of agricultural and industrial waste in the field of nanocellulose and recent industrial developments of wood based nanocellulose: a review,”, M. Alle, R. Bandi, S.-H. Lee, and J.-C. Kim, “Recent trends in isolation of cellulose nanocrystals and nanofibrils from various forest wood and nonwood products and their application,” in, A. Chakrabarty and Y. Teramoto, “Recent advances in nanocellulose composites with polymers: a guide for choosing partners and how to incorporate them,”, H. V. Lee, S. B. XRD pattern of samples after different treatment steps. Thus, this enormous quantity of fibers residue could be used to produce CNC products. Consequently, enset fiber, lignocellulosic biomass, is the largest reservoir of renewable cellulose source in Ethiopia, and cellulose nanocrystal can be isolated from it. The process was evaluated in order to efficiently solubilise the hemicellulose, degrade the lignin, and open the solid crystalline cellulose structure of wheat straw without generating fermentation inhibitors. Some of the raw materials for the isolation of cellulose are sugar cane bagasse [11], wheat straw [12], pineapple leaf [3], corn cob [4], arecanut husk fiber [1], water hyacinth [5], and other plants [8]. The treated enset fiber with alkaline treatment, digesting, and acid hydrolyzed lost a few weight since the hemicellulose and lignin components have been eliminated as stated in different literature works [2, 5, 20]. Alkali soils owe their unfavorable physico-chemical properties mainly to the dominating presence of sodium carbonate, which causes the soil to swell and difficult to clarify/settle. The outcomes gotten in Section 3.1 are explored, coefficient determination (-squared) for the yield of CNC response from the raw enset fiber weighed 0.9930, and this signified that 99.30% of the response was agreed upon and it could be described amid of the quadratic model. BioSAFE Life Sciences' process uses alkaline hydrolysis at elevated temperature and pressure to convert the proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids of all cells and tissues, as well as infectious microorganisms, to a sterile aqueous solution of small peptides, amino acids, sugars, soaps, and electrolytes. Salts, amino acids, peptides. Urea is the most important nitrogenous fertilizer because of its high N content (46%N). 1. %. I was just wondering: is there a scientific reason why they use KOH instead of NaOH? The particle size of CNCs which is diluted in distilled water was determined using dynamic light scattering (DNS) by the Malvern Zeta Nano (ZE3600) system. Enzymatic hydrolysis was performed using commercial enzyme Celluclast, containing cellulase and β-glucosidase. 3-4 days later. Found inside – Page 2Krafft et al. pretreated corn stover using a combination of steam refining and alkaline extraction of lignin, and they evaluated how different operational conditions affect enzymatic hydrolysis [10]. The proposed approach was found to ... Features & Benefits. %), reaction temperature (47°C), and reaction time (65.5 min). The results were also reinforced by FTIR and SEM characterization. Found inside – Page 97The physical disruption due to decompression and alkaline hydrolysis improves the enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass. Most of the ammonia (up to 99%) can be recovered for reuse. AFEX treatment does not solubilize much of the hemicelluloses ... These remarkable findings of enset fiber nanocellulose indicate that CNCs could be utilized as striking reinforced material for a biobased film. Manure provides humus i.e. Succeeding treatment with alkali and bleaching of enset fibers produces surface morphology that confirms removal of lignin, hemicelluloses, and other extractives components (Figure 3(b)). Potassium fertilizers are the potassium-containing organic substances that supply the nutrition of potassium to the plants. The particle size distribution of CNCs is 66 nm. It also has a characteristics peak at 1250 cm-1 and 1527 cm-1 because of the presence of streaking C=O double bond. Your email address will not be published. Oxidation, reduction and spraying on to the ground or allowing to escape into the atmosphere may also be employed, but require specialist skills. Chemical name . The rumen of these animals is neither strongly acid nor alkaline, and it contains a large flora of micro-organisms and considerable quantities of enzymes. If used as a starter fertilizer during transition periods to cool season grasses, apply 4 – 6 oz. Fertilizers may also add secondary nutrients such as sulphur, magnesium, and calcium to the soil or growing media. This effect is caused by using a greater amount of chemical fertilizer than the plants can readily absorb. Required fields are marked *. Alkaline pretreatment conditions of hemp improved also the methane yields. One way of reducing sodium carbonate is to cultivate glasswort or saltwort or barilla plants. Found inside – Page 19... capable of alkaline hydrolysis and have sufficient exchangeable sodium to interfere with growth of most crops. They have pHs greater than 8.5, electrolyte conductivity of saturation extract less than 4 dS/m and ESP of 15 or more. can also be used to reduce the excess Na2CO3 in the soil/water. Most phosphate fertilizers are highly water soluble. Biodiesel by-products. The present study assesses the contribution of alkaline hydrolysis into the natural attenuation of RDX and HMX in coastal waters. It helps plants to reach high yields, thus maximizing profits for farmers. It has a crystalline index of 80.91% and excellent thermal stability. Certain clay minerals with almost 100% ESP (i.e. Thus fewer nutrients are available for the plant. CAMEO Chemicals . It is found that CCCs waste can be suitably treated and neutralized by a simple chemical process (alkaline hydrolysis) that is eco-compliant. The α-galactosidase (galV) gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The dried fiber was chopped, grounded, and sieved through a mesh size of 60 (250 μm). Reducing the size of feed materials using mechanical means often in the presence of water or other liquids. Surafel Mustefa Beyan (first author and corresponding author) contributed to the primary data collection and carried out experimental work, designed the experimental setup and do characterization of the samples, and contributed to draft formulating, draft checking, and manuscript writing and finalizing. Ltd., New Delhi (South Asian edition) and A.A. Balkema Uitgevers BC, Rotterdam (edition elsewhere). Determining the distribution of particle size by laser diffraction produces the most promising results [41]. The space between atoms’ lattices was decreased after each treatment step. Biodiesel is normally produced from either virgin plant oils or waste vegetable oils through a catalytic transesterification process. where is the yield of CNCs [%)]. Several studies have evaluated responses to enset in growing cattle and horses, and its potential has been proven on the production of different products, namely, pulp and paper, food, and medicinal application [15–17]. 1 summarizes the different procedures used in the acid hydrolysis of manure fiber, i.e., one-stage hydrolysis with decrystallization, one-stage hydrolysis, two-stage hydrolysis, two-stage hydrolysis with alkaline extraction, and two-stage hydrolysis with decrystallization. The α-galactosidase (galV) gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. With spray water above pH6, to buffer water and prevent alkaline hydrolysis; Where using crop protection products such as sulfonyl urea herbicides and chlormequat impacted by cold temperatures to kick start activity; Where spray target is difficult to penetrate e.g. 41. The interaction of factors with each other and the optimum operating conditions for the isolation of nanocellulose from raw enset fiber via using acid hydrolysis were examined using a central composite design. Found insideThe extracted solid crop material, as shown in Figure 1, should be assayed and, if radioactivity is present in ... The final release steps could involve reflux acid and alkaline hydrolysis, which will likely solubilise the crop matrix. In humid areas such as the eastern US, soils tend to become more acidic over time because rainfall washes away basic cations and replaces them … Stage II is further divided into two parts, (190-350°C) and (350–395°C). Xylitol Production from Sugarcane Bagasse Through Ultrasound-Assisted Alkaline Pretreatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis Followed by Fermentation Authors (first, second and last of 4) Sabitri Siris Thapa; Smriti Shrestha; Anil Kumar Anal; Content type: S.I. %) and reaction temperature (°C) is shown in Figure 1. Box 16417, Ethiopia, 3Central Laboratory, Research and Technology Transfer, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa, P.O. The crystallinity index of bleached cellulose and CNCs was 63.98% and 80.91%, respectively. α-Amylases (E.C.3.2.1.1) are enzymes that catalyses the hydrolysis of internal α-1,4-glycosidic linkages in starch in low molecular weight products, such glucose, maltose and maltotriose units (29, 42, 66).Amylases are among the most important enzymes and are of great significance for biotechnology, constituting a class of industrial enzymes having approximately 25% of … Sodium chloride (NaCl-99%), toluene (C7H8-99%), ethanol (C2H5OH-98%), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), acetic acid (CH3CH2OOH), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and distilled water were used in EF preparation. Copyright © 2021 Surafel Mustefa Beyan et al. The SEM analysis reveals the structure and arrangement of the fiber bundles inside the raw material to nanocellulose.