In Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis), increases in TH circulating levels, pituitary TSHβ, and whole body thyroglobulin and TR transcript levels (189) coincide with metamorphic climax and activity in thyroid follicles (190). doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2014.143. Endocrine glands of increasing complexities are found in cyclostomes, elasmobranchs and osteichthyes. The neurohypophysis comprises connective tissue, neuroglia cells and loosely tangled network of nerve fibres. Iodine, a key component of thyroid hormones, is considered an essential micronutrient for proper health at all life stages. Garrett (1942) pointed out that CS moves progressively backward during the course of evolution as a result of body cavity rather than a migration of CS. Cloning and functional expression of a thyrotropin receptor from the gonads of a vertebrate (bony fish): Potential thyroid–independent role for thyrotropin in reproduction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun (1982) 106(3):920–6. Metabolism is the rate at which all the chemistry of the body works. In bighead carp pituitaries, leptin increases TSHα and TSHβ expression (42), and in grass carp, leptin and ObRb expression levels increase in hepatocytes incubated with low doses of T3 (although high doses inhibit expression) (337). Thyroid hormone influences osmoregulation in. Grau GE, Stetson MH. doi: 10.1016/0016-6480(88)90186-4, 16. Fish Physiol Biochem (2012) 38(2):283–96. Europe PMC is an archive of life sciences journal literature. Conversely, food deprivation decreases hypothalamic TRH and pituitary TSHβ mRNA expression, and peripheral T3 serum levels (315), while refeeding increases hypothalamic TRH mRNA expression, increases plasma TSH, and normalizes circulating T3 levels (316). doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2000.tb00261.x, 85. J Zool (1966) 148(2):238–75. The neurohypophysis occupies considerable portion of the gland and possesses many interesting and distinctive features. doi: 10.1007/s00018-007-7396-0, 63. Pancreatic islets: Metabolism. Higgs DA, Fagerlund UHM, Eales JG, McBride JR. Kumar RS, Ijiri S, Kight K, Swanson P, Dittman A, Alok D, et al. Triiodothyronine stimulates food intake via the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus independent of changes in energy expenditure. Wakim AN, Polizotto SL, Buffo MJ, Marrero MA, Burholt DR. Thyroid hormones in human follicular fluid and thyroid hormone receptors in human granulosa cells. eBook Download BOOK EXCERPT: Reprints. The second function is to control growth in early life. 224. Guin S, Bandyopadhyay A, Jana NR, Bhattacharya S. Thyroid hormone stimulates progesterone release from the ovary of a fish, Anabas testudineus. Endocrinology (1991) 128(3):1337–44. Cyr DG, Eales JG. doi: 10.1080/10236240600815820, 303. de Vlaming VL, Sage M, Beitz B. Pituitary, adrenal and thyroid influences on osmoregulation in the euryhaline elasmobranch, Dasyatis sabina. Nishioka RS, Grau EG, Lai KV, Bern HA. Comparative thyroidology: Thyroid gland location and iodothyronine dynamics in Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus Peters) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). J Nutr Biochem (2010) 21(10):935–40. doi: 10.1002/tox.20082, 391. Rasheeda MK, Sreenivasulu G, Swapna I, Raghuveer K, Wang DS, Thangaraj K, et al. Nelson ER, Habibi HR. In goldstriped amberjack, maternal injections of T3 reduce mortality during early development and growth, and larval survival increased from less than 1.0% when seed production began in 1985, to 7.3% by 1994 following implementation of T3 injections (380). Some people do not have an isthmus, and instead have two separate thyroid lobes. The NPO and NLT are important as their axons are in association with both adenohypohysis and neurohypophysis (Fig. A thyroid hormone regulated asymmetric responsive centre is correlated with eye migration during flatfish metamorphosis. On the comparative anatomy of the thyroid gland. Endocrinology (1977) 100:1727–9. Gen Comp Endocrinol (2007) 152(1):89–101. It has been considered that thyroid influences the growth and nitrogen metabolism in goldfish, as indicated by … 19.10a, b, c, d). In zebrafish, MCT8 seems to mediate T3 transport across the blood brain barrier (BBB) (89) and MCT8-deficient zebrafish have altered nervous system development (94). McCormick SD. In red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus), seasonal rhythms of T4 correlate with pituitary TSH subunits (TSHα, TSHβ) and DIO3 gene expression cycles (74), and in Arctic charr, hypothalamic DIO2 expression is decreased during late summer (75). doi: 10.1007/s12020-017-1495-y. Patterns of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in serum and follicle–bound oocytes of the tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, during oogenesis. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.1995.269.6.R1434. Effects of glucose, insulin and triiodothyroxine on leptin andleptin receptor expression and the effects of leptin on activities of enzymes related to glucose metabolism in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) hepatocytes. Gen Comp Endocrinol (1984) 56(2):308–12. Hormones and Reproduction of Vertebrates. These hormones are called triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). Stefansson SO, Björnsson B, Ebbesson LOE, McCormick SD. Thyroid hormone’s role is oxygen consumption in fishes have been pointed out though it lacks consistency. Comp Biochem Physiol Part C: Toxicol Pharmacol (2005) 141(1):8–14. Function of the Thyroid Gland – Overview, Problems, Symptoms, Treatment Posted June 10, 2020 by Clint Kelly - See Editorial Guidelines. Biddiscombe S, Idler DR. Geven EJW, Verkaar F, Flik G, Klaren PHM. The hypothalamic control of GH secretion is revealed by ultra-structural studies on the pituitary. doi: 10.1007/s10695-015-0063-8, 338. Rhythms in the endocrine system of fish: a review. Effects of thyroxin, cortisol, growth hormone, and prolactin on lipid metabolism of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, during smoltification. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Changes associated with climate may differentially affect specific life-history stages of fish (e.g., species that undergo substantial metamorphic events), which may result in plastic responses that lead to deficiencies later in life. In mammals, the thyroid axis is stimulated by GH, as seen by increases in TH levels following GH treatment (172), and inhibited by SS (173). Gen Comp Endocrinol (1985) 60(3):343–52. Carr JW, Whoriskey FG, Courtemanche DA eds. Other iodine-rich foods are eggs, dairy products and fish. doi: 10.1167/iovs.08-2713. In oviparous elasmobranchs, thyroid activity and TH levels are usually lowest in immature females in the non-breeding season, and greatest during egg development and vitellogenesis during the reproductive season [e.g., lesser spotted dogfish (222); brownbanded bamboo shark (Chiloscyllium punctatum) (223)]. Can J Zool (1979) 57(3):665–9. if (d.getElementById(id)) return; Such hormones are called tropins or tropic hormones. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.07.033, 130. Higgs DA, Fagerlund UHM, McBride JR, Eales JG. J Appl Ichthyol (2018) 34(2):449–54. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.02.026, Keywords: fish, thyroid, hormones, reproduction, osmoregulation, feeding, metabolism, Citation: Deal CK and Volkoff H (2020) The Role of the Thyroid Axis in Fish. Elasmobranchs (sharks) possess well developed endocrine glands but these show some interesting differences from those of higher chordates. The Diversity of Fish Reproduction: An Introduction. It has been considered that thyroid influences the growth and nitrogen metabolism in goldfish, as indicated by high ammonia excreted by them. In vivo treatment with T4 or T3 decreases both pituitary and serum GH levels in female European eel (166) but has no effect on GH levels in goldfish (51). Nieminen P, Mustonen A–M, Hyvärinen H. Fasting reduces plasma leptin– and ghrelin–immunoreactive peptide concentrations of the burbot (Lota lota) at 2°C but not at 10°C. Influence of thyroidal status on ovarian function in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. In spite of the certain deficiency, studies have been made by physiological blocking or radio-thyroidectomy using. Gen Comp Endocrinol (2009) 161(1):90–6. Evolution of the thyroid hormone–binding protein, transthyretin. In: Skinner MK, editor. Gen Comp Endocrinol (2005) 144(2):167–73. doi: 10.1111/jfb.14402, 406. Comp Biochem Physiol –Part A Mol Integr Physiol (2017) 203:24–31. Embryonic differentiation/organogenesis and growth in teleosts is regulated by THs, likely by triggering both GH [e.g., THs increase GH mRNA transcription in rainbow trout (144) and carp (145), and increase synthesis and release in hybrid tilapia (146)] and IGF-I [e.g., THs induce in vivo and in vitro synthesis/release in Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) (147)]. doi: 10.1016/0044-8486(91)90176-8, 378. Plisetskaya E, Woo NYS, Murat J–C. Encyclopedia of Reproduction, 2nd ed. The thyroid axis is also sensitive to ambient acidity. Injection of mammalian testosterone and estrone to lamprey causes development of its cloacal lips and coelomic pores, which contribute in reproductive process. Front Endocrinol (2019) 10:743–. With the exception of some studies on the role of MCT8 in zebrafish (Danio rerio) development, little is known about TH transporters in fish. Gracia–Navarro F, Castaño JP, Malagón MM, Torronteras R. Subcellular responsiveness of amphibian growth hormone cells after TSH–releasing hormone stimulation. doi: 10.1016/0016-6480(61)90045-4, 363. Thyroid hormone transporters. The book Fish Endocrinology is an excellent book comprising eleven chapters which deal with the structural details and physiology of the various endocrine glands in Cyclostomes, Elasmobranchs and Teleosts. Volkoff H. The neuroendocrine regulation of food intake in fish: A review of current knowledge. Marine and euryhaline elasmobranchs in SW regulate urea and other body fluid solutes [trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), Na+, Cl−] such that they remain iso- or slightly hyperosmotic to their environment (302). J Exp Zool (1992) 262(1):22–9. A butterfly-shaped organ, the thyroid gland is located anterior to the trachea, just inferior to the larynx (Figure 17.4.1).The medial region, called the isthmus, is flanked by wing-shaped left and right lobes. Environ Toxicol (2015) 30(6):621–7. Thyroid hormones in growth and development of fish. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Oxford: Academic Press (2018). Indian J Exp Biol (1989) 27(1):65–8. 343. Neuro-intermediate lobe of Salmo gairdneri appears to have a melanin concentrating factor. Weber GM, Okimoto DK, Richman NH, Grau EG. The thyroid gland needs a regular supply of iodine to produce thyroid hormones. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Rostral Pars Distalis (Pro-Adenohypophysis): Lying dorsal to the mesoadeno­hypophysis in the form of thin strip (Fig. For example, low protein diets reduce plasma T4 levels and/or 5’-MDA activity in rainbow trout (352) and brook trout (353). Can J Zool (1977) 55(3):475–81. J Lipid Res (2005) 46(6):1320–30. Transport of maternal transthyretin to the fetus in the viviparous teleost Neoditrema ransonnetii (Perciformes, Embiotocidae). During the past few years the field has continued to grow, yet it has been plagued by scarcity of comprehensive, up-to-date textbooks containing the most important developments. This timely book fills that void. In the Chondrostei stellate sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus) and lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens), THs are correlated with increased gonad maturation during the spawning season (219, 220), while in immature and previtellogenic individuals, changes in THs during the reproductive season are more closely correlated with temperature, feeding, and growth [e.g., great sturgeon (Huso huso) (221) and lake sturgeon (220)]. Tripathi G, Verma P. Differential effects of thyroxine on metabolic enzymes and other macromolecules in a freshwater teleost. Insulin is secreted by beta cells and regulates the blood sugar level in fishes. One pair opens at the anterior end while the other at the middle of the gland on either side. These hormones are usually synthesized in anterior part of the small intestine. Several studies have examined the role of the thyroid axis in determining tolerance to changing salinities in salmonids. Alimi R, Savari A, Movahedinia A, Zakeri M, Salamat N. Thyroid hormones changes in reproduction season of brownbanded bamboo shark (Chiloscyllium punctatum) from the Persian Gulf. The diencephalon ano­ther parts of the brain contain a group of neurons and each group is called nucleus. The omega 3 fatty acids in fish oil help to regulate the metabolic rate within liver cells and impact the way the liver metabolises carbohydrates, protein and fat. Information on the role of ghrelin and SS on the thyroid axis is scarce. In matrotrophic viviparity, there is an association between embryos and maternal structures, suggesting that maternal THs could be exchanged (125). Little AG, Kunisue T, Kannan K, Seebacher F. Thyroid hormone actions are temperature–specific and regulate thermal acclimation in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Galas L, Raoult E, Tonon M-C, Okada R, Jenks BG, Castaño JP, et al. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Endocrinology (2004) 145(5):2337–45. The presence of the CS at the extreme anterior end of the kidney in Heteropneustes setani is probably because this species has wide body space and long archinephric duct. Peptides (2010) 31(9):1737–47. doi: 10.1002/jat.1682, 274. Liu Y–Y, Brent GA. Thyroid hormone crosstalk with nuclear receptor signaling in metabolic regulation. It helps to regulate many body functions by constantly releasing a steady amount of thyroid hormones into the bloodstream. Effect of thyroid preparation and iodide on salmonidae. LH and FSH of mammals. Gen Comp Endocrinol (2013) 188:289–96. doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.03.015, 207. Adrenocorticotropic hormones activate adrenal cortex. doi: 10.1139/z71-226, 200. doi: 10.26028/cybium/2014-382-002, 54. Hollenberg AN. Gen Comp Endocrinol (1985) 58(2):259–69. They are coarsely granular, and give the cytoplasm a splotched appearance. Altern Med Rev: A J Clin Ther (2000) 5(4):306–33. Type II iodothyronine deiodinase is preferentially expressed in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) liver and gonads. doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.11.003, 266. In some fishes like Puntius ticto inter-renal cells are arra­nged in form of thick glandular mass while in others like Channa punctatus they are present in form of lobules. If YES, Please SHARE with your friends Ma Y, Ladisa C, Chang JP, Habibi HR. Reproduction (1998) 113(2):239–50. This pouch later looses its connection from the buccal cavity and remains permanently connected to neurohypophysis during the rest of the life. However, in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) (25, 26) and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) (27), TRH does not directly affect TSH expression or release from the pituitary. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5966-11.2012. Front Endocrinol (2019) 10:1–16. Mol Cell Endocrinol (2017) 459:28–42. According to some researchers, the thyroid activity increases during the sexual maturity of fish. Ball JN. In higher vertebrates, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is the main stimulator of TSH release, whereas some neurotransmitters, dopamine (DA), and somatostatin (SS), act as inhibitors (21, 22). doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2008.12.010, 34. doi: 10.1210/en.2013-1030, 106. There is evidence that TRH stimulates the secretion of growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and melanocyte stimulating hormone alpha (α-MSH) in fish (29). Langdon JS. Gen Comp Endocrinol (1990) 78(2):224–30. doi: 10.1002/mrd.22066, 52. Iglesias P, Bajo MA, Selgas R, Díez JJ. Aquaculture Sci (1996) 44(4):487–96. Chemosphere (2012) 87(9):1009–17. Histology: The thyroid gland is composed of a large number of follicles forming a shape of a hollow ball and consisting of a single layer of epithelial cells that encloses a fluid filled space. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.09.014. Arch Environ Contamination Toxicol (1998) 34(4):377–81. Geven EJW, Nguyen NK, Van Den Boogaart M, Spanings FAT, Flik G, Klaren PHM. Comp Biochem Physiol Part A: Physiol (1984) 78(3):601–5. Function: Thyroid hormone’s role is oxygen consumption in fishes have been pointed out though it lacks consistency. The Evolution of Thyroidal Function in Fishes Martin Sage University of Texas, Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, Texas 78373 synopsis. Effects of thyroxine immersion on sterlet sturgeon (Acipenser ruthenus) embryos and larvae: Variations in thyroid hormone levels during development. J Endocrinol (2005) 184(2):341–9. 405. Similarly, in Japanese flounder, fish meal-fed fish have higher levels of T3 than fish fed with fish protein concentrate (FPC) or soy protein concentrate (SPC) (353). Blanco AM. 2. Gorbman A. Coimbra AM, Reis–Henriques MA, Darras VM. 389. Endocrine glands of fishes: Different types of endocrine glands are found in fishes; such as-. The thyroid gland is about 2 inches long and lies in front of your throat below the prominence of thyroid cartilage sometimes called the Adam's apple. Safian D, Morais RDVS, Bogerd J, Schulz RW. doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.10.014, 29. (B) Organs containing both endocrine and exocrine functions. In fishes, it is kidney, gonads (Fig. 19.1) and intestine. Kidney contains heterotopic thyroid follicles, inter-renal, and corpuscles of Stannius. They are known as diffused neuro-en­docrines. They are present in digestive tract (Fig. 19.1). However, other species are able to adapt to a wide range of salinities (euryhaline) and some undergo drastic osmotic changes as they migrate [from SW to FW (anadromy) or from FW to SW (catadromy)] (282). Higher embryonic/larval survival rates and hatching rates have been shown in fertilized eggs treated with THs [e.g., Pacific threadfin (361); Sterlet sturgeon (130)] or following maternal TH injections [e.g., greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili), Japanese whitling (Sillago japonica), red spotted grouper (Epinephelus akaara), red sea bream, and Japanese parrotfish (Oplegnathus fasciatus) (380, 381); striped bass (382)]. Effects of iodothyronines on the hepatic outer–ring deiodinating pathway in killifish. Microscopically, the pituitary gland is composed of two parts: (i) Adenohypophysis, which is a glandular part originated from the oral, ectoderm. As we said, the thyroid gland mainly functions with the help of iodine. Schreiber AM, Specker JL. doi: 10.1016/0269-7491(95)00116-6.