The Following Calculations Are included in the App : - ASTM D3588. taps, meter tubes and flow conditioners are discussed. Flow Equations For Natural Gas Pipelines by R.F. Pipe inside surface roughness was estimated as 0.0018 inches for steel (0.046 mm) and 0.00006 inches (0.0015 mm) for copper tubing. : gas viscosity, [lb/(ft*sec)]. MMSCFD to Nm 3 /h is . The book enhances participants' understanding and application of the spirit of the code or standard and form a plan for compliance. The book covers American Water Works Association standards where they are applicable. Previous articles in this series were used to evaluate various equations used for determining the pressure drop in high pressure natural gas lines. Natural gas properties needed for the calculations are presented and discussed, including equations for calculating the properties. This book is written primarily for new and experienced engineers and management personnel who work on oil and gas pipelines in offshore and deepwater. There are numerous equations that can be used to make natural gas pipeline flow calculations depending upon various factors, such as the magnitude of the pressure drop, the pipe diameter, the length of the pipeline, the Reynolds number, and whether the flow can be considered isothermal or adiabatic. Natural gas that is transported through interstate pipelines travels at high pressure in the pipeline, at pressures anywhere from 200 to 1500 pounds per square inch (psi). This has resulted in the smaller flow values predicted by the simplified equations on long and/or small pipes being more than double what the flow capacity might actually be. Calculate pressure drop, flow rate and pipe diameter in natural gas pipeline. With Laminar Flow being dependent on the pipe diameter as well as the velocity, Laminar Flow is more prevalent in smaller pipes than in larger pipes. This was because the tables in NFPA 54 and the IFGC are all based on 0.6 specific gravity. Introduction The purpose of this paper is to describe the flow of natural gas in a pipeline by employing the full set of diffe- Due to the heavy concentration of “Re’s” below 4,000, over 65% of the data was eliminated. In the oil and gas industry, equations of state (EOS) are typically used to determine the properties and the phase conditions of . In particular, we will cover natural gas pipeline transportation including how pipelines are sized for a particular flow rate, the pressure required to transport a given volume of gas and the compression horsepower required. Newton-Raphson solution Typical options take weeks, even months. FEDSM2005. Request PDF | An Investigation into the Volumetric Flow Rate Requirement of Hydrogen Transportation in Existing Natural Gas Pipelines and Its Safety Implications | As an alternative to the . Simplified equation and Table estimated Flow Capacity data is 20% to 100% higher than the comparable Darcy data in the Laminar Flow ranges. In this article, we are using Imperial units; thus, these formulas are not valid when using another set like, for instance, SI. Consistency between these models is important to reduce measurement biases within the natural gas flowmetering community. For well modeling applications, Equation 6.17 through Equation 6.19 can be used to evaluate the pressure loss in the wells, in the Flow Lines (small ID pipe used to transport produced oil or gas from the wellhead to a gathering station, field separator, or other surface facility), and in gas transmission lines. of these equations the basic physical support for each one is discussed as well as their feasibility. The incompressible flow assumption is valid for liquids. Gas fireplace - direct vent 40,000 36 Gas log unit 80,000 73 Barbecue 40,000 36 Gas Refrigerator 3,000 2 For SI units: 1 Btu per hour = .0293 W *Maximum gas demand of outlet A = 31 CFH (35,000 btu/hr divided by 1100 btu per cubic foot. Simultaneous performance of integrated system can be expressed using non-linear equations to simulate and forecast operational behaviour. That's why in many practical uses, the Weymouth equation is taken because of its conservative character. 1.1.2.1 Part 1-General Equations and Uncertainty Guidelines The mass flow rate and base (or standard) volumetric flow rate equations are discussed, along with the terms required for solution of the flow equation. - GPA 2172 , 2145. This paper presents a gas flow network analysis in Putrajaya residential area which focusing on natural gas pipeline due to its economical advantages. No single, authoritative course or book has existed to unite practitioners. In response, Pipeline Engineering covers the essential aspects and types of pipeline engineering in a single volume. This work is divided into two parts. For a natural gas network system, the resulting set of fluid flow governing equations is highly non-linear. In such situations, the customary method employed for the solution of a set of non-linear equations is the multivariable Newton-Raphson method despite its potentially negative drawbacks. PE 607: Oil & Gas Pipeline Design, Maintenance & Repair ١٦ Example • A natural gas pipeline, NPS 20 with 0.500 in. Subscribe to our newsletters & stay updated, Flow Equations for High Pressure Natural Gas, Using Pressure Regulators for Site Distribution in Natural Gas Pipelines, Miura LX Gas/Low NOx Series, Low and High Pressure Steam Boiler, The Next Big Thing In Flexible-Shaft Drain Cleaning Technology, Ferguson Announces Partnership with Explore the Trades, 2021 ASHRAE Building Performance Analysis Conference. Natural Gas Characteristics: Where the equations allowed input, the following was included: Natural Gas Specific Gravity = 0.60. The equation is: The AGA equation should be used with these considerations: A realizable k-ε Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation (DDES) model was conducted in this study to . RELIEF VALVE SIZING GUIDELINES . As will be discussed later, there is also a transition between Partially Turbulent Flow and Laminar Flow; this transition is not closely defined because it occurs between “Re” being 2,000 and 4,000. As outlined in the Other Considerations Section, the recommendations are to first determine at what critical flow rates where Re = 4,000 and Re = 1,549 are encountered using equation 10. (Results compared to Darcy). The definition of Reynolds number is: Qs : Flow rate, [ft3/sec]=Q/((24) (60) (60)) of thermal gas flow in pipeline, this paper combined with engineering thermodynamics heat transfer, fluid mechanics. There are several formulas to calculate the flow rate, and some considerations should be taken for the proper use of them: We will use four equations as presented by the GPSA (Gas Processors Suppliers Association): Natural Gas Pipeline Sizing Home Fluid Flow Natural Gas Pipeline Sizing This web application does the Natural Gas Pipeline Sizing calculation based on General flow equation, AGA, Weymouth, Panhandle-A, Panhandle-B, IGT equation. Several different equations have been proposed and are in use for natural gas pipeline flow calculations. A simple one-page application and a few bank statements are all you need to get started. Provides a comprehensive treatment of natural gas engineering, covering most operations of the gas engineering. The operational behaviour is subject to various . wall thickness, transports 100 MMSCFD. Flow Rate and Pressure Drop of Natural Gas Through a Pipeline There are several formulas to calculate the flow rate, and some considerations should be taken for the proper use of them: They are empirical, meaning that many elements on them are constants or values that are valid within a certain set of units and should be changed when . The performance of such a complex system cannot be studied by analysing individual constituents. This book covers liquid pipeline hydraulics as it applies to transportation of liquids through pipelines in a single phase steady state environment. • For a horizontal pipe, the maximum steady pressure P 1 occurs immediately downstream of pumps. Friction factor calculated for pipe roughness and Reynolds number; most popular equation for general gas transmission pipelines. Also, using the pipeline and storage tariffs from the pipeline tariff submodule, pipeline and storage tariffs are set corresponding to the associated flow of gas, as determined in the first step. Hydraulic governing equations of natural gas pipelines IPC2012. Customary System of units is used in this application. Therefore, the pipeline components are only considered in the mathematical mode. The flow equations shown to this point assume that Darcy's law is an appropriate model for gas flow into wells. The “f” value formulas for these are as follows: Laminar Flow: f = 64 / Re for Re < 2,000 (Equation 4), AGA Partially Turbulent Flow: 1 / ( f )^0.5 = -2 * log10 ( 2.825 / (Re * ( f )^0.5 )) (Note 1 below) (Equation 5), AGA Fully Turbulent Flow: 1 / ( f )^0.5 = -2 * log10 ( ℇ / (3.7 * D )) (Note 2 below) (Equation 6). As a result, this equation is not recommended for typical plumbing applications. ℇ = pipe inside diameter roughness, same units as “D”. The current scientific status of simulation of turbulent flows as well as some advances in computational techniques and practical applications of turbulence research is reviewed and considered in the book. ), additives . The 'Eckert Number Phenomenon' in Pipeline Decompression. most conservative equation that gives highest pressure drop for given flow rate. Thus, it is more suitable for Re between 2000 and 3000. Gas Flow Rate - Modified Colebrook Modified Colebrook equation based on US Bureau of Mines experiments; gives higher pressure drop compared to original Colebrook equation. If the pressure drop in a pipeline is less than 40% of P 1 , then our Darcy-Weisbach incompressible flow calculation may be more accurate than the Weymouth or Panhandles for a short pipe or low flow. The Weymouth equation, Panhandle A equation, Panhandle B equation, and Darcy-Weisbach friction factor equation are discussed for use in natural gas pipeline flow calculations. You can receive a decision in as little as one business day. Thus, it is more suitable for Re between 3000 and 4000. We want you to solely focus on growing your business and we will make sure we do our part in getting you the best programs possible. The internet places the specific gravity of natural gas between 0.6 and 0.7. flow equation with Cox, and Pole‟s method in natural gas piping system in commercialized horizontal gas system pipeline and its flow behavior. Distances: 10 feet (3 meters) to 2,000 feet (610 meters) for steel pipe and copper tubing; in increments similar to NFPA 54 and IFGC. Comments on gas flow As mentioned above, the equations that our pipe flow calculator is based upon are for incompressible flow. In Ruling Capital, Kevin P. Gallagher demonstrates how several emerging market and developing countries (EMDs) managed to reregulate cross-border financial flows in the wake of the global financial crisis, despite the political and economic ... Once a set of results was collected for each alternate equation, the total package of results was compared to the Darcy answers by dividing the alternate results by the Darcy answers; one-by-one. Use Of Steady State Equations For Transient Flow Calculations. The assumptions usually made include isothermal flow, applicability of steady-state friction and negligible wall expansion or contraction under pressure loads. Reference : Gas Pipeline Hydraulics, E. Shashi . gas-flow and compressibility equations for loading into an HP-41 calculator is a useful tool for preliminary pipeline-design calculations. D = internal diameter of the pipe – inches (mm). COURSE CONTENT 1. These equations are widely used in the flowmetering community both for custody transfer applications and for metering input/output along pipeline transmission networks. and practical uses of EOS software for natural gas pipeline applications. Since the smaller pipes that are the subject of this paper have an “ℇ/D” ratio of 0.0001or less, the “f” for partially turbulent flow will approach the “Re” being equal to 4,000 along the lower, smooth-pipe line. Table 4: For less than 2.0 psig (13.8 kPa-g) inlet pressure and 6.0 inch w.c. (14.9 kPa) drop, using Schedule 40 steel pipe, sizes ½-inch (DN-15) to 4-inch (DN-100). There are three flow regimes that are encountered in gas pipes: Laminar Flow, Partially Turbulent Flow, and Fully Turbulent Flow. (Results compared to Darcy), Laminar Flow Data Not Included – only 57 points. Covering the entire natural gas process, Bahadori's must-have handbook provides everything you need to know about natural gas, including: Fundamental background on natural gas properties and single/multiphase flow factors How to pinpoint ... It is also valid for gases if the pressure drop is less than 40% of the upstream pressure. Crane (1988, p. 3-3) states that if the pressure drop is less than 10% . (Results compared to Darcy). In simulating transient flow of single-phase natural gas in pipelines, most of the previous investigators neglected the inertia term in the momentum equation. The Weymouth equation is: Where: Q is the natural gas pipeline flow rate in SCFD. The following statistics were collected: Minimum ratio, maximum ratio, average ratio, and standard deviation. 2.1. JAR Capital Funding is committed to helping companies across the United States with any of their lending needs to see their business thrive. COURSE CONTENT 1. • For pipelines that dip deeply into a valley, the place of . In this study, the dynamic analysis of Pipeline Inspection Gauge (PIG) flow control in natural gas and liquid pipeline is considered. Since the steel pipe tables use a whole group of sizes from 0.622 inches (15.80 mm) to 11.938-inches (304.37 mm), the need to examine Polyethylene pipe was determined to be non-essential. By continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Dynamic Simulation of Gas-Liquid Homogeneous Flow in Natural Gas Pipeline Using Two-Fluid Conservation Equations. out to determine the nature of the gas. Gas Flow Formulas - An Evaluation in Pipeline and Gas Journal, December1975 and January 1976 J. Christopher Finch, Natural Gas Pipeline Company of America David W. Ko, Natural Gas Pipeline Company of America Tutorial - Fluid Flow Formulas published in the 1988 PSIG Conference Proceedings TOTAL CAPABILITIES IN THE PIPELINE INDUSTRY UTILITY TECHNOLOGIES INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION Cincinnati Columbus West Jefferson . This is not a one-time activity but needs continual updating throughout the production life of a reservoir. The objective of this book is to bring together the fundamentals of gas reservoir engineering in a coherent and systematic manner. A : Cross section Area, [ft2] Keywords: natural gas flow , pressure drop, gas pipelines, Renouard Introduction 1The design of gas pipelines and networks is commonly presented through a series of numerical procedures and recommendations, and usually flow equations are . Equations used: NFPA/IFGC equation, Low Pressure Mueller Equation, and Low Pressure Spitzglass Equation. Some numerical re-sults are also presented. Gas Flow Rate. The reader will need to use his/her reference material to provide the needed correction factors). Table 1-2 (continued): Different forms of compressible flow equations Exercise 1-2: Natural gas (84,000 std m3/hr at 49 atm and 38oC) is sent from a gas refinery to a city, through a 16" pipeline. The flow equations are solved numerically using the Godunov scheme with Roe solver. Introduction There are numerous equations that can be used to make natural gas pipeline flow calculations depending upon various factors, such as the magnitude of the pressure drop, the pipe diameter, the length of the pipeline, the Reynolds This equation would be used to determine the capacity of a pipeline where the flow rates are between the two flows, Qcr, where “ReCr”values are between 4,000 and 1,549: Qh = 2,380.2 * D2.5 * (Δh / L)0.5 ( Q = 0.000725636* D2.5 * (Δh / L)0.5 ) (Equation 11). Calculation of natural gas pressure drop is also available as incompressible flow. The equations were developed for turbulent flow in long pipelines. Industry expert John Kennedy details the oil and gas pipeline operation industry in this complete text. This updated edition includes: coverage of power-system estimation, including current developments in the field; discussion of system control, which is a key topic covering economic factors of line losses and penalty factors; and new ... However, this method has been avoided because of the difficulty of determining the value for “f” (friction coefficient). Nominal Pipe Sizes: 0.5” (DN15) through 4” (DN100) or 12” (DN300) for steel and ¼ inch (DN6) through 2 inch (DN50) for copper as established in the NFPA 54 and IFGC. The volume ratios for the comparisons reduce significantly, particularly at the higher pressure drops where Laminar Flow is less likely. Pipeline Calculation Manual 1/4 [PDF] Pipeline Calculation Manual Piping Calculations Manual-Shashi Menon 2005 This on-the-job resource is packed with all the formulas, calculations, and practical tips necessary to smoothly move gas or liquids through pipes, assess the feasibility of improving existing pipeline performance, or design new systems. In case of more turbulent flow (Re>2000), other equations (Panhandle A, Panhandle B, or AGA) shall be used. This online engineering PDH course covers the steady state analysis of compressible fluid flow through pipelines. Table 3: For less than 2.0 psig (13.8 kPa-g) inlet pressure and 3.0 inch w.c. (746 Pa) drop, using Schedule 40 steel pipe, sizes ½-inch (DN-15) to 4-inch (DN-100). Flow-induced acoustic resonance in the closed side branch of a natural gas pipeline can cause intensive vibration which threatens the safe operation of the pipeline. Previous articles in this series were used to evaluate various equations used for determining . Helps in analyzing and designing fluid flow and piping systems projects. This work, blending theoretical review and engineering practicality, provides a treatment of pumps, pipes and piping systems, hydraulics, and hydrology. And, The International System of Units is used in this application. COMMON NATURAL GAS ENGINEERING PROBLEMS OGA SEMINAR DECEMBER 3, 2012 . A focus on real-world essentials rather than theory Illustrative examples throughout the text Working spreadsheet programs for all the engineering calculations on a free and easy to use companion site Exercise problems at the end of every ... 1.3 Scope of Study The scope of this research includes the natural gas supply to commercial area by using horizontal carbon steel pipe which are exposed pipe in targeted building. On the other hand, some new methods include modifications of existing flow equations such as in the work of Morssy et al.,13 Falade et al.,14 and Usman et al.15 From these, The basis of the AGA flow equations is an “f” value that is a function of Reynolds number. Oil Well Testing Handbook is a valuable addition to any reservoir engineer's library, containing the basics of well testing methods as well as all of the latest developments in the field. Introduction There are numerous equations that can be used to make natural gas pipeline flow calculations depending upon various factors, such as the magnitude of the pressure drop, the pipe diameter, the length of the pipeline, the Reynolds number, and whether the flow can be considered isothermal or . Gas Pipeline Hydraulics acts as a quick-reference guide to formulas, codes, and standards encountered in the gas industry. Based on the author's 30 years of experience in manufacturing and t D : Diameter, [in]=d/12 They are empirical, meaning that many elements on them are constants or values that are valid within a certain set of units and should be changed when considering another set of units. Overseas, the Organic Carbon Dioxide for Assimilation of Plants (OCAP) pipeline in the Netherlands is a repurposed oil pipeline that has been pushing CO2 since 2004. The gas reaches the other end at ground temperature, (5 oC). Completely updated with five sections covering the entire production spectrum, including well productivity, equipment and facilities, well stimulation and workover, artificial lift methods, and flow assurance, this updated edition continues ... Gas Flow Calculations is your great tool if you are working in natural gas industry. Part 3 provides a guide for forcing the equation to compute volumes assuming the fluid is natural gas and the inch-pound system of units. 84, Issue 2, Pg. Some of these programs even allow for the use of any or most of the above listed approximate pipeline equations. The following formula approximates the critical flow rates based on pipe size: QCr = 0.03586 * ReCr * D ( QCr = 3.9977E-05 * ReCr * D ) (Equation 10). 24 = hours per day gas flow time. Note 1: Formerly, the 2.825 value in equation 5 was 2.51 and is the Colebrook-White equation, 1990. Modeling and Control of Engines and Drivelines provides an up-to-date treatment of the topic from a clear perspective of systems engineering and control systems, which are at the core of vehicle design. This book has three main goals. The pipeline had previously been out of commission for nearly 25 years, but the 26 inch, 51-mile pipeline now transports CO2 as a gas at 101-304 psi . it is not advisable to install a sensor directly in a natural gas pipeline as it can contain both physical contaminants (rust, scale, etc. Thus, this equation is good to be applied while Reynolds Number (Re) less than 2000. The dynamic behaviour of the PIG depends on the different pressure across its body and the bypass flow through it. Several different equations have been proposed and are in use for natural gas pipeline flow calculations. However, as the flow velocity and Reynolds number near the well increase, the result is a transition from laminar and turbulent flow and then to turbulent flow. Q : Gas flow rate, [CFD], [cubic feet per day], [ft. E : Pipeline efficiency factor, [dimensionless]. Where: QCr = Critical Flow Rate where flow converts from Partially Turbulent to “Indeterminant” and from “Indeterminant” to Laminar – CuFt/Hr (M3/hr). The purpose of this article is to evaluate the available low pressure natural gas flow equations among themselves and with the tables in the codes. Since “f” =0.0413 at Re = 4,000 and “f” = 0.32 at Re = 2,000, the safe alternative would be to hold the value of “f” at 0.0413between Re = 4,000 and Re = 1,549 (where 64/Re = 0.0413). Natural gas pipeline sizing (USCS) This application calculate Gas flow rate as Natual gas pipeline sizing calculation. Note, all equations were rearranged to provide Qh (flow per hour) as a function of H1and H2 (inlet and outlet pressures.). Currently, standard tables exist in both NFPA 54 National Fuel Gas Code and the ICC International Fuel Gas Code for low pressure natural gas flow in piping. Pressure ranges: Less than 2.0 psig inlet with 0.3 in w.c. drop, less than 2.0 psig with 0.5 in w.c. drop, less than 2.0 psig inlet with 3.0 in w.c. drop, and less than 2.0 psig with 6.0 in w.c. drop. Our goal is to be an asset to your business and add value to both short term and long term growth. This enables prediction of behaviour at various conditions. This is evident from the tables above when the Laminar Flow data is eliminated from the comparison. This course provides information about four of them, the Weymouth Equation, the Panhandle A Equation, the Panhandle B Equation, and the Darcy Weisbach Equation, along with information about the fluid properties needed and their estimation . There are several equations and tables for determining the flow in natural gas pipes and the pressure drops associated with those flows, or vise versa. 1-9 Document Type: Journal Paper Abstract: In use of various equations in pipe line design, practice is to apply Pipeline Efficiency factor; three equations most widely used for design are given; use of equations in operation study and capacity testing . The purpose of this article is to evaluate the available low pressure natural gas flow equations among themselves and with the tables in the codes. 3. This means the pressure drop will be higher or the pipe carrying capacity with a specific pressure drop will be lower. This new edition of the near-legendary textbook by Schlichting and revised by Gersten presents a comprehensive overview of boundary-layer theory and its application to all areas of fluid mechanics, with particular emphasis on the flow past ... NFPA/IFGC Low pressure equation (for 1.5 psig and lower): Qh = (D * { 19.17 * [ (H1-H2) / ( Cr * L ) ]0.206 } )(1/0.381) (Equation 7), Where: Cr = 0.6094 for natural gas, Qh = ( 2,971 * D2.725 ) / Sg0.425 * [ (H1-H2) / L ) ]0.575 (Equation 8), Qh = ( 3,350 / Sg0.5 ) * [ (H1-H2) / L ) ]0.5 * [ D5 / ( 1 + 3.6 / D + 0.03 * D ) ]0.5 (Equation 9), Table 1[1] : For less than 2.0 psig (13.8 kPa-g) inlet pressure and 0.3 inch w.c. (75 Pa) drop, using Schedule 40 steel pipe, sizes ½-inch (DN-15) to 12-inch (DN-300). THEORY 3.1 Governing equations The simulation of natural gas transmission in pipelines involves the numerical solution of a system of initial valued partial differential equations for mass, momentum and energy conservation. To assist in the calculation, when density is broken down (into the perfect gas law equation) and velocity is broken down (as a function of flow and density), and then substituted in the classic Reynolds number equation, the following equation can be derived: Re = 4 Qst 29 Sg Pst / (μ π D R Tst) (Equation 3), Where: Qst = Gas Flow rate at Standard Conditions, 29 = molecular weight of air, 28.9647 lb/lbmol (28.9647 g/gmol), Pst = standard gas pressure – 14.696 psia (101.325 kPa), R = Universal gas constant, 1545.349 lbf ft/(lbmol °R) [8314.41 J/(kmol °K)], Tst = Standard gas temperature, 518.67°R (288.15°K). It is the major variable when defining the price. For low flows, low pressures, or short pipes, they may not be applicable. It is considered that the natural gas flowing in a . • Panhandle A. In this study, the dynamic behavior of natural gas in transmission lines was investigated through Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) simulations. Accurately modeling this excitation process is necessary for a workable understanding of the genetic mechanism to resolve this problem. The following formula approximates the flow rates based on pipe size and a friction factor “f” value of 0.0413. Math equations used to manually calculate gas flow outcomes. For this article, the inlet gas pressure was established as 14.79 psia (14.43 psia at 500 feet altitude and 10-inches w.c.). Note: the Reynolds Number was created for each range of values so the reader can look at the portion of the Moody Diagram where these flows exist. The comparisons were set up for each of the following: given inlet pressure, given ending pressure, distance in feet, pipe diameter (actual), and pipe interior surface roughness (where considered). Copyright [oceanwp_date] - JAR Capital Funding LLC. Natural gas modelling is the representation of gas behaviour by mathematical equation. From this, necessary input to the flow equation shall be . Flow Equations For Natural Gas Pipelines by Richard F. Bukacek, Serial Information: Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 1959, Vol. P 1 is the inlet pressure in psia. The distance is 170 Km. We use cookies to provide you with a better experience. the App is performing all calculation required for natural gas transmission , and Generating a Professional PDF Report of your Calculation. These prices are then translated from the producers, back through the network, to the city gate and the end users, by adding the appropriate tariffs . The equation is: Panhandle B equation should be used with these considerations: should be represented in turbulent pipeline flow. Pipeline gas metering stations are designed for simultaneous, continuous analysis of the quality and quantity of natural gas being transferred in a pipeline, as follows: Upper calorific value, which is the latent energy content of a gas that is released during combustion. So, the accepted Q result should be the one with the formula whose Re falls into its range. and Pipe Flow. Mathematical model for the hydraulic simulation of natural gas pipeline networks. Also, earlier articles in this series suggested that either schedule 40 steel pipe or polyethylene pipe (PE) are the normal piping materials used. These equations are widely used in the flowmetering community both for custody transfer applications and for metering input/output along pipeline transmission networks. The specific gravity of gas is 0.6 and viscosity is 0.000008 lb/ft.s. The comparisons also improve significantly when the flows in the Critical transition and Laminar Flow regions where Re < 4,000, are eliminated from the comparison. The North American Combustion Handbook (3rd Edition – 1986) places the specific gravity of natural gas between 0.59 and 0.64.
natural gas pipeline flow equations 2021